There is no doubt that many people have formed strong and sometimes extreme opinions about Christian fundamentalism. This is often due to the popular press labeling fundamentalists as a homogeneous group focused on fire and brimstone. However, as with any large organization, there can be found a myriad of opinions within this group. Some may focus on literal interpretations of scripture while others may have a more nuanced understanding of their faith. As for any group of human beings, people in the various fundamentalist groups can vary from fervent to fanatical or from thoughtful to warmhearted individuals.
The following discussion will attempt to dispel some misconceptions and delve into the wide range of possible virtues or vices found within the umbrella of “fundamentalists.” First and foremost, the author will address what fundamentalism is and then explore the commonly shared characteristics among conservative branches of fundamentalism. Lastly, the author will delve into the dual nature of good and bad found in this complex of belief systems.
What Is Christian Fundamentalism?
While the general public may think of fundamentalism as a type of extreme religious stance, the term actually refers to a particular movement in Christianity that arose from the early 20th century response to modernist theology. As various theological interpretations shifted during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a small but motivated group of individuals established the fundamentals of the faith in an attempt to return to what they considered to be a “purer” expression of their beliefs. One of these early leaders, R. A. Torrey, established eleven points, which were seen as non-negotiable tenets or the "fundamentals."
It is important to realize that fundamentalism is not a separate sect of Christianity in and of itself but a theological stance held by a wide spectrum of conservative or traditional denominations and churches. Thus, one cannot conveniently pin the label “fundamentalist” onto a single monolithic group of individuals as if they all had the same beliefs and practices. In short, one finds fundamentalist believers within Baptist congregations, Seventh-Day Adventist gatherings, certain branches of the Pentecostal movement, among others.
Shared Characteristics
Despite the varying beliefs and practices within the realm of Christian fundamentalism, there are several characteristics that are commonly shared among the denominations and adherents of a more traditional or conservative theological bent. Chief among these are the importance placed on literal interpretation of scripture, a strict moral code, the authority of the Bible and church leaders, and a fundamentalist outlook on controversial subjects.
Literal Interpretation: Fundamentalist believers often strive to interpret scripture literally, especially when it comes to the miracle stories in the New Testament or other biblical accounts. This is not the case for all conservative believers and there are shades of interpretation even within the fundamentalist world. As with any faith-based organization, it is essential to avoid painting a group of millions with the exact same brush.
Strict Moral Code: Christian fundamentalism often encompasses a strong moral code, which may include the refraining from premarital sex, the support of male headship within families and the condemning of certain social vices like gay marriage or alcohol consumption. This is yet another area where variance may occur from group to group as well as within a specific denomination.
Biblical Authority and Hierarchical Leadership: Christian fundamentalists often believe in the absolute authority of the Scripture and therefore hold church leaders in high esteem. This does not mean that all fundamentalist groups submit unquestioningly to the word of their pastor. The level of submission to church hierarchy varies significantly from one denominational group to the next.
Controversial Subjects: Fundamentalists tend to adopt the traditional or conservative stance on matters deemed controversial by the wider society. These may include acceptance of the historical Adam and Eve, rejection of evolutionary theory or a pro-life stance on the issue of abortion. It is important to remember the significant variance within the larger group of fundamentalism with regard to these issues.
Good and Bad
There are undoubtedly aspects of Christian fundamentalism that are deserving of praise as well as critique. On the positive side, one might applaud the emphasis on an unwavering faith, a devotion to a moral life, and community participation within this broad swath of Christianity. In these respects, fundamentalist believers can be credited with a steadfast commitment to their faith and an earnest desire to live out their beliefs.
On the downside or negative side, there are undoubtedly some problems and detriments associated with a more rigid or traditional approach to Christianity. One of the primary criticisms includes the stifling of questions or dissenting voices as well as an overemphasis on the literal interpretation of the Bible. A second problem involves the portrayal or stereotyping of fundamentalists as frightening and dogmatic. While such a caricature may serve to demonize a large group of human beings, it is important to recognize the nuance and diversity that lies within the fundamentalist world.
In conclusion, while the term fundamentalism tends to evoke strong emotions, it is crucial to remember the vast range of thoughts and beliefs that exist within this umbrella term. There are undeniably positive aspects of a strong faith committed to God, morality, and community. Yet, as with any expression of human belief, there remain downsides and areas for critique. Whether one agrees or disagrees with the theological position of fundamentalism, it remains a significant segment of the Christian world demanding respect for the complexity of its followers and their beliefs.